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Although styles similar to the Afro had existed in Africa prior to the colonization of the Americas, some critics have suggested that the Afro hairstyle is not particularly African.[3][20] In his book titled Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies, cultural critic Kobena Mercer argued that the contemporary African society of the mid 20th century did not consider either hairstyle to denote any particular "Africanness"; conversely, some Africans felt that these styles signified "First-worldness".[3] Similarly, Brackette F. Williams stated in her book Stains on My Name, War in My Veins: Guyana and the politics of cultural struggle that African nationalists were irritated by the Afro's adoption by African Americans as a symbol of their African heritage; they saw this trend as an example of Western arrogance.[21]

[edit] Tools

An Ashanti Comb, an example of an Afro pick

The long teeth of the afro pick or afro comb were designed to dig down to the scalp allowing the roots of an Afro to be stretched straight into a desired style or shape using a picking motion.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Garland, Phyl, “Is The Afro On Its Way Out?”, Ebony, Feb 1973 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sherrow, Victoria, Encyclopedia of hair: a cultural history, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, p. 21-23 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mercer, Kobena, Welcome to the jungle: new positions in Black cultural studies, Routledge, 1994, p. 104-113 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  4. ^ a b c d Hair Designing - A Complete Course, by Various, Global Media, 2007, section 2 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  5. ^ a b c d e "Modern Living: Beyond the Afro", Time, Oct 25, 1971 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  6. ^ a b Linda Frost, Never one nation: freaks, savages, and whiteness in U.S. popular culture, 1850-1877, University of Minnesota Press, 2005, p.68-88
  7. ^ The Circassian beauty archive A collection of historic Images - Circassian Beauties
  8. ^ a b c d e f Moore Campbell, Bebe, “What happened to the Afro?”, Ebony, Jun 1982 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  9. ^ a b c d e Boyce Davies, Carole, Encyclopedia of the African diaspora: origins, experiences, and culture, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2008, p. 493-495 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  10. ^ a b Gittens, Sandra, African-Caribbean Hairdressing, Cengage Learning EMEA, 2002, p. 256 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  11. ^ a b c Irvine, Martha, "The Afro Strikes Back", Associated Press, Mar 8, 2002 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  12. ^ "Modern Living: The Masculine Twist", Time, Dec 24, 1973 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  13. ^ "The Jewfro Grows Up and Out.", Moment Magazine
  14. ^ Dan Hafner, "Louisville's 'Flower Child'; Barefooted Punter Arrives in Shoes and Mod Outfit", Los Angeles Times, Dec 17, 1970. Sec III, pg. G1.
  15. ^ Murray Chass, "Harvard's Hairy Five Makes Some Foes Bristle", The New York Times, February 28, 1971, pg. S4.
  16. ^ Stephen E Rubin, "Tempo; Judith Rossner's novel success is hard to put down", Chicago Tribune, September 17, 1977, pg. 11.
  17. ^ Meisler, Stanley, "Afro Hairdo Riles Africa's Blacks", The Milwaukee Journal, Sep 22, 1970 Last retrieved Feb 20, 2010
  18. ^ mWww Beautiesinbirthdaysuits T T Birthday Beauties Escorts En Shop 11484 Art82 3712482 Ed879d Budoland Katalog 2009 2010 MMA Pdf Beauties In Birthday Suits Afro - pedia, the free encyclopediaz Sexuality Beauties aWww Beautiesinbirthdaysuits T T Birthday Beauties Escorts En Shop 11484 Art82 3712482 Ed879d Budoland Katalog 2009 2010 MMA Pdf Beauties In Birthday Suits Afro - pedia, the free encyclopediay Suits Birthday Beauties In Birthday Suits Beauties In Birthday Suits